New research pinpoints how a single instance of severe trauma can lead to delayed and long-term psychological trauma. This work examines key molecular and physiological processes that could be driving changes in brain architecture.
Dr. Sumantra Chattarji and his research team discovered that a single stressful incident can lead to increased electrical activity in the amygdala brain region. This activity occurs 10 days after a single stressful episode and is dependent on a molecule known as the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDA-R), which is an ion channel protein on nerve cells known to be crucial for memory functions.
The amygdala is known to play a key role in emotional reactions, memory, and decision-making. Changes in the amygdala are linked to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Dr. Chattarji’s research initially revealed that a single instance of acute stress had no immediate effects on the amygdala of rats. Although 10 days later, the rats began to show increased anxiety, and delayed changes in the architecture of their brains, especially in the amygdala.
Dr. Chattarji stated, “We know that the amygdala is hyperactive in PTSD patients, although no one knows, as of now, what is going on in there”.
He and his researchers revealed major changes in the microscopic structure of the nerve cells in the amygdala. They surmised that stress seems to have caused the formation of the new nerve connections (synapses) in the amygdala.
Dr. Chattarji’s pioneering research established that the new nerve connections in the amygdala lead to heightened electrical activity in this region of the brain. Even more interesting, when researchers blocked the NMDA-R during the stressful period, it not only stopped the formation of new synapses, but it also blocked the increase in electrical activity at the synapses. Dr. Chattarji concluded that his next research will explore how long after the stressful/traumatic event can the NMDA-R receptor be blocked. This could illuminate new interventions and define a window for preventative treatment.
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